我国国家公园实施共同管理的前期探索

doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2020.05.004

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

共同管理又称参与式管理,是实现国家公园保护与发展目标的有效手段。经过一个多世纪的发展,国际上的国家公园管理逐渐由排他性向包容性转变。我国国家公园目前处于试点建设阶段,在管理体系中引入共同管理,旨在提升管理的包容性和灵活性,对实现自然保育和保障居民福祉的双重可持续性发展目标多有裨益。首先,分析了共同管理发展的国际经验和国内现状;然后,基于“实施共同管理的前期准备与这一过程的后期推进同样重要”这一观点,识别了这一进程的主要利益相关者,分析了在我国国家公园探索实施共同管理的必要性;最后,从政策、制度、经济、共管意愿、社会资本等5个方面做了可行性评估分析,构建了共管意愿和社会资本的可行性评估体系。通过探索分析实施共同管理的前期工作,以期为我国国家公园共同管理建设提供依据。

关键词: 前期准备, 共同管理, 参与式管理, 国家公园, 自然保护区

Abstract:

Co-management,also known as participatory management,is an effective means to achieve the goal of national park protection and development.In the past century,the international management of national parks has developed and gradually changed from an exclusive way to inclusive.At present,China's national parks are in the pilot construction stage.The introduction of co-management in China's national park management system aims to enhance the inclusiveness and flexibility of management,which is beneficial to achieving the dual sustainable development goals of nature conservation and the well-being of people.First,this paper analyzes the international experience and domestic situation of co-management development.Based on the view that “preparation for the implementation of co-management is as important as the later advancement of this process”,the main stakeholders were identified.This paper also analyzes the necessity of exploring and implementing co-management in China's national parks. Finally,it made feasibility assessment and analysis from five aspects:policy,system,economy,co-management willingness and social capital,and constructed a feasibility evaluation system for co-management willingness and social capital.Through the exploration and analysis of the co-management work in the early stage,it is expected to provide a basis for the co-management construction of national parks in China.

Key words: preliminary preparation, co-management, participatory management, national park, nature reserve

中图分类号:

丁文广, 穆阳洁, 李玮丽, 李田田. 我国国家公园实施共同管理的前期探索[J]. 林业资源管理, 2020,(5): 23-29.

DING Wenguang, MU Yangjie, LI Weili, LI Tiantian. Preliminary Exploration of Co-management of National Parks in China[J]. FOREST RESOURCES WANAGEMENT, 2020,(5): 23-29.

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条件	解释
信任	信任是促成利益相关者之间关系成败最重要的因素之一
尊重	共管需要尊重不同群体的价值观,包括文化、宗教和传统信仰
有效参与	可以改善学习过程和决策质量,更易于促进决策有效执行
赋权	共同管理的核心要素表现为政府或管理局向居民下放资源管理权和决策权
责任	社区获得赋权,同时需为管理贡献力量和承担相应责任
政府长期支持	共管是长期过程,政府与地方社区合作是共管的重要组成部分
协商对话	有助于利益相关者之间解决冲突、信息交换、参与决策
能力建设	是保证利益相关者,尤其是社区有能力履行保护责任和进行资源管理的关键
社区领导	合格的社区领导能赢得各方信任,促进共管成功
问题意识	各方需同意和理解要解决的问题,了解管理活动的方向和原因
外部组织	提供客观公正的沟通平台和建议、知识、技术援助等一揽子服务

目标层	准则层	因素层
共管意愿和社会资本水平评价	原住民及其社区	对政府和国家公园管理局的信任水平
		承担管理责任和做出贡献的意愿
		参与学习以提高管理能力的意愿
		通过协商对话参与公园决策的意愿
		对生态环境问题的认识和理解程度
		地方社区领导力水平
		居民的主人翁意识
	政府及公园管理局	对当地居民和社区的信任水平
		居民赋权和权力下放的意愿
		投资并参与能力建设的意愿
		通过协商对话与社区共同决策的意愿
		对生计文化问题的认识和理解程度
		对原住民传统文化的尊重程度
		长期支持共同管理的政治意愿
	外部组织	提供利益相关者交互平台的能力
		为共同管理提供指导服务的能力
		保持中立的态度