滇中典型公益林林下物种多样性及其与土壤性质的关系

doi:10.13466/j.cnki.lyzygl.2022.04.019

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

公益林可通过改善林下植被及土壤状况而发挥显著的生态效益,目前,滇中公益林林下植物组成及土壤特征尚不明确,对滇中4种典型公益林(旱冬瓜林、云南松林、元江栲林、华山松林)林下物种组成和土壤理化性质进行调查和测定,分析其林下灌木、草本物种多样性和土壤性质的差异性,揭示其物种多样性与土壤性质的关系。结果表明:1)云南松林下物种组成最为丰富(灌木和草本种类均最高,多样性指数和丰富度指数均最大),灌木层和草本层物种多样性最低的分别为华山松林和元江栲林;2)4种公益林土壤有机质较为丰富,旱冬瓜林的土壤全量养分(TN,TP,TK)和AP含量显著高于其它林分,元江栲林的土壤容重及TN,TK,AK的含量均最低;3)影响公益林林下灌木物种多样性的关键土壤因子是土壤AP,TP,TK和容重,而影响草本物种多样性的关键土壤因子是土壤TP和pH值。滇中公益林林下物种多样性与土壤性质密切相关,应注重土壤酸碱性、紧实性及N,P,K的选择性调控,改善林下灌木和草本结构,实现最佳效益。

关键词: 林下植被, 土壤性质, 林分类型, 冗余分析

Abstract:

Public welfare forest can play a significant ecological benefit by improving the understory vegetation and soil conditions.However,the composition of understory plants and soil characteristics of the public welfare forests in central Yunnan are not clear.In this study,the species composition and soil physicochemical properties of four typical public welfare forests (Alnus Nepalensi,Pinus Yunnanensis,Castanopsis Orthacantha and Pinus Armandii)in Yuxi were investigated.The species diversity and soil properties of understory shrubs and herbaceous plants were analyzed,and the relationship between species diversity and soil properties was revealed.The results showed that:1)The species composition under Pinus yunnanensis forest was the most abundant (both shrubs and herbs had the highest number of species,both diversity index and richness index were the highest).The lowest species diversity in shrub layer and herb layer were Pinus armandii and Castanopsis orthacantha;2) the soil organic matter of four kinds of public welfare forest were rich,the contents of soil total nutrients (total nitrogen,total phosphorus,total potassium)and available phosphorus in Alnus nepalensis were significantly higher than those in other forests,the soil bulk density,total nitrogen,total potassium and available potassium contents of Castanopsis orthacantha were the lowest;3)Soil available phosphorus,total phosphorus,total potassium and bulk density were the key factors affecting shrub species diversity under public welfare forests,the key factors affecting herbaceous species diversity were soil total phosphorus and pH.Species diversity under public welfare forests in central Yunnan was closely related to soil properties.Attention should be paid to soil acidity-alkalinity,compactness and selective regulation of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium,so as to improve the structure of understory shrubs and herbaceous plants to achieve the best benefits.

Key words: understory vegetation, soil properties, stand type, redundancy analysis

中图分类号:

S714.2

李小英, 秦文静, 许彦红, 王跃超, 杨能, 杨奔. 滇中典型公益林林下物种多样性及其与土壤性质的关系[J]. 林业资源管理, 2022,(4): 148-156.

LI Xiaoying, QIN Wenjing, XU Yanhong, WANG Yuechao, YANG Neng, YANG Ben. Understory Species Diversity and its Relationship with Soil Propertiesof theTypical Public Welfare Forests in Central Yunnan[J]. FOREST RESOURCES WANAGEMENT, 2022,(4): 148-156.

图/表 5

表1

表2

不同公益林林下物种重要值

层次	林分类型	林下物种数量/种	林下主要物种及其重要值
灌木层	旱冬瓜林 Alnus nepalensis	15	荚蒾Vaccinium foetidum(0.2414)+火棘 Pyracantha fortuneana(0.1998)+野花椒 Zanthoxylum simulans(0.1131)+小铁仔Myrsine Africana(0.0839)+华西小石积Osteomeles schwerinae(0.0766)+金丝梅 Hypericum patulum(0.0649)
	云南松林 Pinus yunnanensis	29	余甘子 Phyllanthus emblica(0.1638)+虾子花 Woodfordia fruticosa(0.1546)+水锦树 Wendlandia uvariifolia(0.1328)+华西小石积Osteomeles schwerinae(0.0951)+清香木 Pistacia weinmannifolia(0.0735)+鹿角刺 Carissa spinarum(0.0366)
	元江栲林 Castanopsis orthacantha	17	亮毛杜鹃 Rhododendron microphyton(0.2293)+菝葜 Smilax china(0.1626)+乌饭树 Vaccinium bracteatum(0.1230)+云南含笑 Michelia yunnanensis(0.0746)+三股筋香 Lindera thomsonii(0.0737)+水红木 Viburnum cylindricum(0.0503)
	华山松林 Pinus armandii	15	亮毛杜鹃 Rhododendron microphyton(0.2856)+小铁仔Myrsine Africana(0.2181)+细齿叶柃 Eurya nitida(0.1768)+云南含笑 Michelia yunnanensis(0.0730)+荚蒾Vaccinium foetidum(0.0568)+金丝梅 Hypericum patulum(0.0396)
草本层	旱冬瓜林 Alnus nepalensis	12	鸡爪蕨Tectaria subtriphylla(0.3081)+紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum(0.1739)+莎草 Cyperus rotundus(0.1020)+凤尾蕨Pteris cretica(0.0971)+接骨草 Herba Saururi Chinensis(0.0597)+二型鳞毛蕨Dryopteris cochleata(0.0539)
	云南松林 Pinus yunnanensis	36	地石榴Ficus tikoua(0.1868)+荩草Arthraxon hispidus(0.1387)+紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum(0.0980)+云南兔儿风Ainsliaea yunnanensis(0.0564)+白背大丁草 Gerbera nivea(0.0239)
	元江栲林 Castanopsis orthacantha	4	棕鳞瓦韦Lepisorus scolopendrium(0.5590)+二型鳞毛蕨Dryopteris cochleata(0.2022)+火炭母Polygonum chinense(0.2005)+云南兔儿风Ainsliaea yunnanensis(0.0403)
	华山松林 Pinus armandii	18	紫茎泽兰Eupatorium adenophorum(0.2168)+青蒿Artemisia carvifolia(0.1021)+接骨草Herba Saururi Chinensis(0.0987)+莎草Cyperus rotundus(0.0567)+二型鳞毛蕨Dryopteris cochleata(0.0432)

表2

表3

表4

图1

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林分类型	样地号	坡向	海拔/m	坡度/(°)	平均树高/m	平均胸径/cm	郁闭度
旱冬瓜林Alnus nepalensis	1	北偏西13°	2020	22	21.8	30.3	0.80
	2	东偏南45°	2070	20	16.0	26.1	0.85
	3	北偏西45°	2060	20	18.3	27.6	0.81
云南松林Pinus yunnanensis	4	东偏北45°	1374	20	15.5	15.5	0.73
	5	东偏南45°	1366	20	17.6	25.8	0.80
	6	北偏西35°	1370	20	17.4	18.0	0.70
元江栲林Castanopsis orthacantha	7	北偏东34°	2155	18	16.9	20.9	0.88
	8	西偏南40°	2180	24	16.1	17.0	0.91
	9	北偏西19°	2100	25	16.1	17.3	0.90
华山松林Pinus armandii	10	北偏西10°	2010	25	15.9	19.4	0.80
	11	西偏南23°	1996	18	16.3	20.1	0.90
	12	北偏西19°	2019	22	16.0	18.7	0.83

层次	林分类型	多样性指数H'	优势度指数D_s	丰富度指数D_M	均匀度指数E
灌木层	旱冬瓜林Alnus nepalensis	2.487±0.05b	0.750±0.058b	2.497±0.27bc	0.939±0.20a
	云南松林Pinus yunnanensis	2.646±0.05a	0.791±0.13a	4.566±0.39a	0.888±0.12b
	元江栲林Castanopsis orthacantha	1.891±0.42c	0.788±0.10a	2.839±0.224b	0.897±0.09b
	华山松林Pinus armandii	1.666±0.15d	0.755±0.10b	2.432±0.15bc	0.810±0.06c
草本层	旱冬瓜林Alnus nepalensis	1.647±0.06b	1.020±0.20a	2.135±0.09c	0.952±0.19a
	云南松林Pinus yunnanensis	2.103±0.19a	0.812±0.20b	6.795±0.07a	0.878±0.11b
	元江栲林Castanopsis orthacantha	0.730±0.05d	0.450±0.18c	1.559±0.13d	0.441±0.09d
	华山松林Pinus armandii	1.632±0.09c	0.805±0.12b	3.423±0.34b	0.812±0.08c

土壤性质	旱冬瓜 Alnus nepalensis	云南松 Pinus yunnanensis	元江栲 Castanopsis orthacantha	华山松 Pinus armandii
容重/(g/kg)	1.33±0.03b	1.57±0.04a	1.02±0.03c	1.32±0.05b
总孔隙度/%	51.70±0.20b	34.65±0.83d	53.73±0.20a	50.2±1.59c
自然含水量/%	28.91±0.14b	10.44±0.23d	35.37±0.20a	22.33±1.22c
饱和持水量/%	50.38±1.20b	27.56±0.78d	71.60±0.75a	46.93±0.16c
田间持水量/%	38.94±0.32b	24.11+0.44d	60.21±0.75a	38.13±1.18c
pH	4.43±0.04c	6.14±0.03a	4.42±0.01c	5.07±0.07b
SOM/(g/kg)	82.18±2.22b	72.06±0.60c	151.89±1.03a	70.68±1.58c
TN/(g/kg)	5.21±0.10a	1.98±0.05c	1.43±0.03d	2.43±0.67b
TP/(g/kg)	1.49±0.09a	1.24±0.01c	1.39±0.02b	1.07±0.04d
TK/(g/kg)	15.65±0.12a	11.15±0.03c	5.50±0.12d	13.62±0.06b
AP/(mg/kg)	28.52±0.48a	17.74±0.39b	6.8±0.20c	4.76±0.50d
AK/(mg/kg)	271.5±0.00b	167.02±5.83c	108.12±5.83d	291.71±0.00a