Table of Content

28 October 2013, Issue 5

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Integrated Management and Administration

Preliminary Study on Optimization Model of Ecotourism Management in Forest Nature Reserves

FANG Huailong, ZHANG Dongfang, YU Bao, AI Yan

2013,(5):  8-13. 

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Based on the questionnaire results provided by 120 national forest nature reserves,and particularly on the field investigation and interview which focuses on 5 typical models of ecotourism management,this paper analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of different models and develops an optimization model of ecotourism management in nature reserves. Such aspects as protection,separating enterprise from administration,collaboration,classification management,operation management executed by administrative organizations of nature reserves,community involvement and benefit-sharing constitute the essential principles for ecotourism management.Meanwhile,an official regulatory organization of ecotourism should be established,which can play an important role by supervising ecotourism activities and standardizing ecotourism management.The optimization model would be able to enhance the discourse right of administrative organizations of nature reserves,equilibrate the relationship between ecotourism and environmental protection,and solve conflicts of stakeholders of ecotourism.Because of accumulated experience in environment protection and ecotourism development,the administrative organizations of nature reserves play an irreplaceable role. It can achieve a real ecotourism that the administrative organizations are responsible for ecotourism management.

The Dilemmas and Countermeasures of Chinese Urban Wetland Protection —A Case Study of Shanghai

SHEN Zhe, LIU Pingyang, HUANG Jie

2013,(5):  14-20. 

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As consequence of rapid urbanization,urban wetlands in China are suffering rapid loss and degradation.Taking Shanghai’s wetland management and conservation as an example,it’s argued that the fundamental reasons dwell in four aspects:the high demand of construction land driven by urban sprawl,the lack of legal base for wetland protection,imperfect wetland management system and information system,and the absence of market mechanism and public participation.It is suggested that we enhance the national wetland conservation institutions starting from the local legislation,change one-resource based management system to integrated management system,and provide opportunities for market forces and encourage public participation.

The Practice of National Forest Park Conservation and Utilization

ZHAO Zhiguo, QIAO Yongqiang

2013,(5):  21-24. 

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With the background of quick development of forest tourism,this paper explores the ways of how to develop the forest tourism while protect the forest park’s environment. Taking the Canglangshan and Erlongshentai national forest parks which locate in Hubei province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region respectively as an example,through the way of forest resource analysis,the paper provides the corresponding solutions on how to classify the scenic types according to ecological importance and screen viewpoints according to the transport conditions,enlarge the scenic tourist carrying capacity and control of the tourist volume in sensitive ecological areas.

Analysis of the Man-made Effects on Ecological Fragility of the Eastern Edge of the Tibet Plateau and Countermeasures

CHEN Fangmiao, HU Yuegao, ZHAO Qibo, QIAN Xin

2013,(5):  25-30. 

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Zhouqu County and Jiuzhaigou County are both located in the fragile region around the eastern edge of the Tibet Plateau with similar geographic and climate conditions.The soil erosion is severe in Zhouqu which experienced a devastating disaster of mud-rock flow in 2010.Comparatively,the environment conservation was kept well in Jiuzhaigou County due to the development of ecotourism which has brought a sustainable development of economy and society.This research analyzed the effects of the human behaviors on environmental degradation in Zhouqu that are revealed as below:a long-term forestry industry;abnormal development of economy due to poverty,high pressure on resources by population and the management shortcomings.At the same time,some suggestions and countermeasures are presented for the future development and construction of Zhouqu County and the similar fragile regions.

Geographic Distribution at the County Level and on-site Conservation of National Key Protected Wild Plants in China

PENG Long, CHEN Shengbin, PENG Peihao, ZHOU Kexin

2013,(5):  31-35. 

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The conservation of rare and endangered wild plants is a hot topic of biodiversity conservation research and the study of their geographic distribution is of significance to the theories of biodiversity conservation.The research object of this study focuses on the species in the “List of National Protected Key Wild Plants”(first batch)that was promulgated by the Chinese State Council in 1999.Based on the literature material and specimen records,geographic distribution at the county level of national key protected wild plants in China was analyzed,which are unevenly,distributed in 1228 counties and concentrate in a few counties of southwestern China.We also determine the in situ conservation status by analyzing the numbers of national key protected wild plants protected by national nature reserves.There are 520 counties where national key protected wild plants are protected by national nature reserves,and still 1004 counties where national key protected wild plants are unprotected by national nature reserves.Furthermore,we point out the hot spots for on-site conservation should be strengthened by analyzing distribution status of national key protected wild plants unprotected by national nature reserves in counties.

Analysis on Factors Influencing the Development of Wood Processing Enterprises in Guangdong Province

LIU Hao, GAO Lan, WANG Dongliang

2013,(5):  36-40. 

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Grey relational analysis was used to explore factors influencing the development of wood processing enterprises in Guangdong Province from three aspects of the national policies,industry economy and enterprise competition.It is suggested that the control of the supply of raw materials should be strengthened,the advantages of industrial clusters intensified and the competitiveness of enterprises enhanced can provide references for the enterprises of the same type in other provinces and for promoting the sustainable and stable development of China’s timber processing industry.

Comparative Analysis of the Sino-US Forestry Investment

DENG Yonghui, NING Youliang, ZHAO Rong, ZHANG Ying

2013,(5):  41-46. 

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The efficient development of the Chinese forestry is to achieve ecological,economic and social sustainable development.In order to develop forestry,the Chinese government investment remains high.Based on international comparative perspective,this paper uses the comparative analysis method to analyze the Sino-US forestry input-output characteristics and the Sino-US forestry input-output efficiency.The results show that compared to the U.S.,the use efficiency of Chinese woodland is low,and the economic efficiency of forest land is low;the ecological efficiency of Chinese central forestry funds is high,but the economic efficiency of central forestry funds is low;the ecological efficiency of Chinese central forestry workforce is high,but the economic efficiency of Chinese central forestry workforce is low.Based on the conclusions,this paper makes relevant policy recommendations and discusses some existing deficiencies.

Efficiency Analysis of Stump Grafting Regeneration and Improvement of Inefficient Poplar Forest

WU lijuan

2013,(5):  47-51. 

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Poplar trees are widely distributed in our country. They play an important role in ecological construction,but as a result of natural disasters,variety degeneration and untimely regeneration cause inefficient poplar forest to be commonly seen across the country,especially in the three north areas.Poplar stump grafting has the advantages of economy,water saving and environmental protection,which is a preferred method for improving inefficient poplar forest. Analysis of productivity,economic benefit,ecological benefit and social benefit in stump grafting forest land and identifying of the advantages of stump grafting in reforestation can drive and speed up the upgrading aging inefficient poplar shelterbelt and improve the efficiency of the forest land.

Utilizatiion Status and Development Countermeasures of the Lavender

MEI Hong

2013,(5):  52-54. 

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as a low fragrant shrub,the lavender,Which is cold-resistant,drought-enduring,infertility-resistant and resistant to trim,is not only economic plant but also good plant for hill afforestation,slope greening,greening of residential area,courtyard,square and park and so on and possesses wide market prospect.On the base of investigation of some companies in Xinjiang,investigation of lavender manors and city parks at home and reference of relevant documents,the thesis analyzed the utilization status and existing problems and proposed corresponding development countermeasures.

Scientific Research

Comparison of Different Weight Functions in Weighted Regression

ZENG Weisheng

2013,(5):  55-61. 

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Using the modeling data of 240 sample trees of Chinese fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)in southern China,single tree volume and aboveground biomass equations based on one-variable and two-variable respectively were constructed,and the fitting results of weighted regression with special weight function,general weight function,and four expanded weight functions were compared.The results indicated that the weighted regression with special weight function would be a good choice for certain modeling data;the weighted regression with general weight function might have different performance on eliminating heteroscedasticity for different data.To expand the adaptability of general weight function,it is recommended that the function expression 1/f(x)² be revised to 1/f(x)ⁿ.

Study on the Coarse Root Biomass and Distribution Characteristics about Natural Larix Gmelinii Forest

WANG Xiaohong, ZHANG Qiuliang, GUO Yudong, XING Tingting, WANG Fei, GAO Xiaowei, WU Jing

2013,(5):  62-66. 

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The forest coarse root biomass is an important part of forest ecosystem. In this paper,we talk about coarse root biomass about natural Larix gmelinii forest,use the average standard tree and all mining method to determinate different age coarse root biomass and distribution pattern of larch forests,and build the coarse root biomass regression model.The results showed that with the increasing of stand age,stand coarse root biomass increased.The root biomass of young forest(26 years,38 years)was 7.92 t/hm²,middle-aged forest(49 years,68 years)was 39.77 t/hm²,near mature forest(96 years)was 49.80 t/hm² and mature forest(132 years)was 74.11t/hm².In Larix gmelini individual biomass,the root biomass accounted for 16.40 ~ 27.25%.More than 65% of root biomass concentrated in the 0~20 cm soil layer.Root biomass increased, with soil depth power function decreased.Established DBH-coarse root biomass model B=0.011314D^2.7629 reached significant levels(R²=0.97).

Study on Height and DBH Growth Models of Populus×Xiaohei about Afforestation of Different Clonal Reproduction

JIANG Peng, WANG Weijun, QIN Zhaowen, GU Jiancai, WANG Guizhen

2013,(5):  67-71. 

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This article is aimed at studying height & DBH conditions of Populus×Xiaohei which was afforested by different ways of clonal reproduction in Bashang area of Zhangjiakou City,and takes Populus×Xiaohei which was afforested by clonal reproduction of Zhangbei County and Guyuan County as study object. Measured data were used of height & DBH(by ways of stem analysis)of Populus×Xiaohei which was afforested by cottage,mark-and-sweep and pile anchoring,and fitting was done for height & DBH models of Populus×Xiaohei afforested in three ways.The Logistic equation model for Populus×Xiaohei afforested by cottage,H=1/(0.1+0.559×0.724^D),(R²=0.992),logistic equation model for Populus×Xiaohei afforested by mark-and-sweep,H=1/(0.1+0.617×0.766^D),(R²=0.988) and power function model for Populus×Xiaohei afforested by pile anchoring have been built,H=2.458×D^0.524,(R²=0.964). The result indicates that the coefficient of determination(R²)of nonlinear regression models of three kinds are all greater than 0.96,D_1.3 can commendably account for height of each organ.

Study on Interference Intelligent Shielding of Infrared Thermal Imager Forest Fire Monitoring

ZHOU Yufei, LI Xingwei, LI Xiaochuan, CEN Beichen

2013,(5):  72-75. 

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This paper proposes an interference intelligent shielding method to reduce the high false positives rate in infrared thermal imager forest fire monitoring.The method builds the panorama of infrared thermal imager visible range with spherical segmentation model,divides the panorama into a plurality of shielding elements in form of numbers,generates shielding elements into database with address code,selects the shield points by the overlapping corresponding information between client grid box and shielding elements,realizes the shielding of known sources of interference in the forest.The shielding technology can greatly reduce the high false positive rate in infrared thermal imager forest fire monitoring.

Forest Cover Change Detection by Using High-resolution Remote Sensing Image

FU Qiang, DAI Huabing, XUE Xiaopo

2013,(5):  76-79. 

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Setellite-1 and Resources-1 remote sensing images are used as research data. This paper uses method of object-oriented multi-scale segmentation and spectral feature threshold to extract cut-over areas.Study area included harvested area and non-harvested area.Forest cover change has been detected by post-classification.The results showed that the imagery has good internal geometric consistency,the orthorectification accuracy between two-period imageries can be less than one pixel.The area accuracy of remote sensing change detection and the coincidence rate compared with the actual changes were 93.1% and 95.0%.This method can better detect changes of forest cover.It is suitable for annual update of forest resource data for the county.

Principle and Application of Automatic Accurate Measurement of Stem Volume by Using Electronic Theodolite

SUN Mengying, FENG Zhongke, YAN Fei, MA Suliya, FAN Zhongmou, ZHENG Jun

2013,(5):  80-84. 

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Measuring tree volume by hewing down is a destructive experiment which costs many financial and material resources.In practice,stumpage measuremental method can avoid the forest’s damage,but being limited to the instrument environment,accuracy and large amount of work.This paper proposed a new measurement on stem volume by using electronic theodolite.In this study,202 larch trees in the stands of Experimental Forest Farm of Wangyedian,Harqin Banner,Chifeng City,Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region,were measured in high precision with their DBH,ground diameter,and tree height data using the related software.In addition,180 larch trees were selected for establishing the best fitted unigram volume model and binary volume model by using empirical equation.The volumes of the rest 22 larch trees were calculated by the equation for comparing.The results indicated that the volume was very close by using electronic theodolite and traditional empirical formula,which means that the new method of using electronic theodolite to calculate stem volume of trees could substitute the traditional method of calculating stem volumes by cutting them down.

Analysis and Recovery Measures of Guangzhou Forest Health Based on Remote Sensing Technology

YANG Chaoyu, YANG Yanqiong, LUO Fuhe, LI Jiehua

2013,(5):  85-90. 

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Based on remote sensing technology,GIS software,and SPSS data analysis method,the thesis selects the factors of forest health assessment and summarizes their variation rules in remote sensing spectral features and vegetation index,through correlation analysis,principal component analysis and the use of Landsat 5 TM data.The result shows that remote sensing spectral features and vegetation index are of high relevance to forest health,which can reflect forest health condition to a certain degree,especially remote sensing factors TM2,TM3,TM4,TM7 and vegetation index DVI,ARVI,PVI.Then,by making use of those variation rules,this paper analyzes the health conditions of Guangzhou’s forests via supervised classification,and according to the actual situation of the region,raises solutions to the restoration of Guangzhou’s forest health.

Analysis of the Threatening Factors on Wintering Otis tarda in the Yellow River Wetland of Shaanxi Province

WU Yiqun, SHEN Jie, LIU Jianwen, LIU Fangqing, WANG Shuai, XÜ Xiu

2013,(5):  91-94. 

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From January 29 to March 1,2013,the survival status and threatening factors of Otis tarda in the Yellow River Wetland of Shaanxi Province were investigated by using random questionnaire method and field visiting.The results showed that people’s level of awareness and concern on Otis tarda was not high.Human activities,infrastructure,overgrazing and poison baits were the main factors affecting the survival of Otis tarda,noise pollution and reclamation speed up the endangered process of this bird.In the future,publicity efforts and protection awareness should be enhanced.

Investigation and Analysis of Amphibian Resources in Gansu Taitong-Kongtongshan National Nature Reserve

MA Xiong, WANG Yulin, WU Lihua, ZHANG Yali

2013,(5):  95-97. 

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From 2011 to 2012,the authors conducted a preliminary investigation of the resources of Amphibians in Gansu Taitong-Kongtongshan National Nature Reserve by means of field observation,specimen examination and references research.The result shows that there are two orders,four families,four genera and six species reptiles in this area,which account for 100 percent,44.44 percent,21.05 percent and 17.14 percent respectively of the two orders,nine families,nineteen genera and thirty-five species in whole Gansu province.The aim of this study is to accumulate scientific information about the amphibian animal resources and their protection in Gansu Taitong-Kongtongshan National Nature Reserve.

Analysis of the Morphological Characteristics of Height-classified Mytilaria laosensis Seedlings

YAN Caixia, YANG Jinchang, YIN Guangtian, LI Rongsheng, ZOU Wentao

2013,(5):  98-102. 

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Mytilaria laosensis seedlings of 50,60,70 and 80 cm height classes at 8 months age were selected for analyzing the morphological characteristics and their correlation between morphological indices aimed to provide references for seedling evaluation and grading.Ground diameter and ratio of height to diameter increased with height class significantly(P<0.01)while leaf number varied slightly with no significant differences between classes.Fresh plant weight and dry mass also increased with height class significantly(P<0.01),ranging from 30.32 to 50.52 g/plant and from 11.26 to16.91 g/plant respectively;fresh mass was allocated to different organs with the pattern of root <stem <leaf while dry mass was done with the pattern of root <leaf <stem as a whole.Water content of seedlings showed an increasing trend with height class,and the changing pattern of water content in different organs was as root <stem <leaf.Ratio of dry mass underground to aboveground in different classes was relatively constant.Quality index increased with height class valued as 1.018,1.121,1.208 and 1.239 respectively for four height classes with no significant differences between them.Morphological indices interrelated with each other,among which seedling height,ground diameter,fresh and dry mass and quality index reflected the comprehensive growth status of M.laosensis seedlings well and should be served as main indicators for evaluating and grading the seedlings.

Endangered Species of Mangrove Plants:Lumnitzera littore

ZHANG Ying, ZHONG Cairong, LI Shichuan, YAN Tingliang, GUAN Wei

2013,(5):  103-107. 

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Lumnitzera littore is a species of mangrove plant in the family Combretaceae.It is listed as “State Major Protected Wildlife” (CategoryⅡ)in China.It is also listed as endangered species in “International Convention on Wetlands”.From the aspects of biological characteristics,distribution,nursery planting techniques and community characteristics,this paper systematically summarizes the research situation on Lumnitzera littore,both in China and abroad.Moreover,combined with our relevant studies in nearly two years,we discuss the endangered mechanism and corresponding conservation measures of Lumnitzera littore and suggest that the surrounding habitats should be protected and attention be paid to the technology of tissue culture to protect Lumnitzera littorea resources.

Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica Introduction and Cultivation Experiment in Daxing District of Beijing

SONG Jiqin

2013,(5):  108-112. 

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In 2006,Daxing District introduced Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica seedlings with heights of 2.5~3 meters from Shangzhi Yabuli area of Heilongjiang province and cultivation experiment was conducted in Wufulin Nursery. In 2010,Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica saplings with heights of 3~3.5 meters were introduced from Zhangjiakou area of Hebei Province and planted in the Riverside Forest Park.The results of 3-year forestation in the Riverside Forest Park and 7-year cultivation practice in Wufulin Nursery showed that Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica had a strong ability to adapt the climate and soil in Daxing District of Beijing,they grew well and they were suitable for local afforestation as evergreen species.

Simulation of the Development Trend of Zhejiang Forestry Carbon Sequestration Management Based on Carbon Market Responses

LONG Fei, SHEN Yueqin, WENG Zhenyao, WANG Jing, ZHENG Xiaodong

2013,(5):  113-119. 

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This paper constructs a carbon transaction price conversion coefficient model based on market responses through theoretical research and empirical analysis of the response status of Zhejiang carbon market development,calculates the conversion rate of Zhejiang traditional forestry management into forestry carbon sequestation management at different carbon prices and then carries out a simulation of the development trend of Zhejiang forestry management based on carbon market responses.The results show that carbon price of Zhejiang carbon market will rise from the current 110 yuan to 1100 yuan in future 20 years.With the continuous rise in carbon price,rational forestry management subject will continue to realize the conversion from traditional forestry management to forestry carbon sequestration management.When carbon price reaches 1100 yuan level,the conversion rate will achieve 0.875.This paper further discuses and explains the relevant factors restricting the development of Zhejiang carbon market.

Technical Application

Design and Development of JSP-based Information Management System for Common Tree Species in Hainan

ZHOU Yuping, YANG Wen, WU Xinghui

2013,(5):  120-124. 

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Computer technology and network technology were used to achieve the information management of Hainan common tree species.In this paper,an information management system for Hainan common tree species was established,which was based on JSP technology to develop dynamic webs,combined with SQL 2005 to build the database.The Tomcat was used as a server,and the design and implementation of species information management system was described.The species information query functions and basic background management functions were realized in the system.Users can browse and query relevant species information through the system and can also communicate with other users online. The system provides a good platform for the purpose of academic research in ecology,botany and species identification,etc.

Application of GNSS RTK Positioning in Forests in Mountainous Areas —A Case of Three Different Types of Terrain in secondry Birch Forests

LI Yongning, GAO Huijuan, HUO Yanling, MENG Fanjie, REN Jiamei

2013,(5):  125-130. 

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GNSS RTK could obtain real-time positioning information of high accuracy,and has a broad application prospect in forests.Dual-system GNSS RTK positioning was studied in secondary birth forests of different types of terrains by using quasi-kinetic and fast static surveying operation modes.Results show that 1)The satellite number and spatial geometric distribution, which are the best on ridges than on slope and valley forest,can fulfill RTK positioning;2)The solutions are all fixed with high accuracy on ridge in quasi-kinetic surveying.And most of the solution on slope and valley are floating solution with low accuracy;3)The fix position limiting factors are satellite message quality and multi-path effects instead of satellite number and spatial distribution;4)The high accuracy of cm level is obtained by extending observation time.The longest observation time should not be more than 15min in terms of precision and efficiency.

Application of Landscape Pattern Analysis in the Nature Reserve Management —A case study of Yunling Provincial Nature Reserve in Lanping County of Yunnan

YANG Yueyuan

2013,(5):  131-136. 

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In order to manage the nature reserve resource more effectively,this paper has used the landscape ecology principle and GIS technology to quantitatively analyze landscape spatial patterns in the study area based on the forest resources survey and SPOT5 remote sensing image.Landscape class index(such as number of patches,density of patches,largest patch index,etc.)and landscape index(such as patch density,Diversity,contagion,etc.)are two kinds of research directions,then the VCM curve has been used for further exploration and study of the aggregation degree of main landscape types.The results show that the study area’s land use diversity was low in 2010,and all landscape components are unevenly distributed. The advantage component is forest land;the highest fragmentation degree is farmland with the area close to forest land;shrub land is easy to suffer interference.Except for water area,other landscape types have high aggregation degree. Once a spreading event happens,it will develop very fast.

Research Bulletin

Research on Thinning Intensity of Natural Secondary Forest —A Case of Schima superba Secondary Forest of Qingshigang Forest Farm

LÜ Yong, TAN Yangxin, LÜ Feizhou, LI Xinjian, ZHANG Jiang

2013,(5):  137-141. 

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On the basis of the forest stand spatial structure parameters,this takes uniform angle index as the main adjustment of the forest stand spatial structure optimization,and combined with intermediate cutting index,determine the trees for intermediate cuttings,and analyses forest stand spatial structure after intermediate cuttings,and finally determine the intensity of intermediate cutting.The results show that when thinning spacing distribution of trees changed from gathering distribution to random distribution,the average uniform angle index is 0.49. Mixed degree was improved,trees competition index and intermediate cutting index decrease,and neighborhood comparison remained about the same. The adjustment of forest stand reaches the expected aim and forest stand structure was optimized.Therefore,the determined thinning intensity is 26.2%.

Experimental Design of the Screening for Planting of Wetland Halophytes in the Yellow River Delta

WEI Wei, LI Shengnan, GUO Jia, ZHU Yaojun

2013,(5):  142-146. 

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This paper expounds the experimental design goal and the principle of screening of wetland halophytes in the Yellow River Delta.It’s to elaborate the overall design and typical experimental design in the test area.The aim of the experiment is to act according to the circumstances to build and optimize the structure of wetland plant communities in the Yellow River delta wetland.It also contributes to the control of the direction of plant community succession.The result of design is to provide theoretical and technical support for wetland protection,restoration and sustainable utilization in the Yellow River delta.

New Developments in Other Countries

Enlightenment from the Practices of Forest Low-carbon Landuse for Adapting to Climatic Changes in Germany

GAO Jinping, Chen Jian, GAO Xianlian, SONG Fei

2013,(5):  147-151. 

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This thesis introduces the ideas and methods for forest low-carbon landuse for adapting to climatic changes in Germany,analyzes the characteristics of the forest plan on climatic change. According to the forest low-carbon landuse practices in China,the thesis proposes some policy and technical advices for forestry work on climatic change.